Quy trình vận hành tổ máy phát điện diesel

This document provides standardized and professional operating procedures for the safe and efficient use of a diesel generator set. The procedures cover starting, operating, and stopping the generator, with an emphasis on precision, safety, and equipment longevity.

1. General Principles

• Starting Without Load: The diesel generator must not be started under load. Ensure the output air switch is in the “off” position prior to starting.

• Stopping Without Load: The diesel generator must not be stopped under load. Gradually disconnect all loads and switch off the output air switch before stopping.

• Idling Operation: After starting, idle the diesel engine at approximately 700 rpm for 3-5 minutes (extend to 8-10 minutes in winter when ambient temperatures are low). Before stopping, reduce speed to 700 rpm and idle for 3-5 minutes to cool down.

2. Pre-Start Checks

Perform the following checks before starting the generator to ensure safe and reliable operation:

• Remove any debris or obstacles around the generator set to ensure unobstructed access and airflow.

• If the ambient temperature is below 10°C, activate the electric heater to preheat the engine.

• Verify that the battery voltage is within the normal operating range.

• Ensure all indicator lights are functioning correctly.

• Set all switches in the distribution panel to the “off” (open) position and confirm that all instrument readings are at zero or their initial positions.

• Check that the diesel engine’s cooling system contains sufficient coolant or antifreeze.

• Confirm the engine oil level is at the “full” mark on the dipstick when the engine is not running.

• Ensure the fuel supply line between the fuel tank and the generator is clear and unobstructed.

3. Manual Starting Procedure

Follow these steps to manually start the diesel generator:

1. Ventilation: Start the intake and exhaust fans, or open doors and windows, to ensure adequate ventilation in the generator room.

2. Engine Start: Turn the key clockwise to engage the engine start button. If the initial start attempt fails, press the reset button on the distribution panel, wait for alarms to clear and the unit to return to a normal state, then attempt a second start.

3. Post-Start Verification: After starting, confirm normal engine operation through:

   • Normal running sounds.

   • Illumination of the cooling water pump indicator light.

   • Normal readings on all instruments.

4. Idling: Adjust the engine speed to 700 rpm and idle for 3-5 minutes (8-10 minutes in winter). Monitor:

   • Oil pressure (must be >0.2 MPa).

   • Water temperature, oil temperature, voltage, and frequency.

   • Check for leaks (water or oil) or other abnormalities. If detected, stop the engine immediately for inspection and repair.

5. Full Operation: Increase engine speed to the rated 1500 rpm. Verify the generator outputs 50 Hz and 400 V. Close the output air switch to prepare for load connection.

   • Note: Avoid prolonged no-load operation to prevent carbon buildup from incomplete fuel combustion, which may lead to valve or piston ring leakage.

   • Automated Units: Automated generator sets with water heaters (maintaining cylinder block temperature at ~45°C) do not require idling and can deliver power within 8-15 seconds of starting.

4. Manual Power Delivery

To connect the generator to the load:

1. Synchronization Check: Ensure the generator’s oil temperature, water temperature, and oil pressure are within normal ranges. If connecting in parallel with the mains (busbar), confirm that the output voltage and frequency match the busbar values.

2. Circuit Breaker: Move the generator’s circuit breaker handle to the “closed” position.

3. Power Transfer: Follow the specific procedures for the dual power switch cabinet to transfer the load to the generator.

5. Operation Monitoring and Management

During operation, perform the following to ensure optimal performance and detect issues early:

• Instrument Checks: Every 10 minutes, monitor all instruments:

  • Lubricating oil pressure must be ≥150 kPa.

  • Cooling water temperature must be ≤95°C.

  • Current (amperes) must not exceed the generator’s rated current.

• Fluid Levels: Regularly check and replenish as needed:

  • Crankcase oil level.

  • Fuel tank level.

  • Radiator coolant level.

• Panel Monitoring: Frequently observe the distribution panel’s instruments and indicator lights for anomalies.

• Battery Charger: Verify the battery charger is functioning correctly.

• Sensory Checks:

  • Listen for unusual sounds from the generator’s components.

  • Touch the engine body, bearing housings, oil pipes, and water pipes to assess temperature (should feel normal).

  • Detect any unusual odors (e.g., burning smells) from the generator or electrical equipment.

• Issue Response: Address abnormalities immediately. For serious issues, stop the generator for troubleshooting.

• Post-Fault Restart: After a fault-induced shutdown, resolve the issue fully before restarting the unit.

6. Stopping Procedure

To safely stop the diesel generator:

1. Load Disconnection: Open all load switches in the distribution cabinet, then open the generator’s circuit breaker to disconnect from the grid.

2. Cool-Down: Run the generator without load at 700 rpm for 3-5 minutes to allow it to cool down.

3. Engine Shutdown: Stop the engine.

4. Ventilation Shutdown: Turn off or close the ventilation systems in the generator room after the engine has stopped.

These procedures ensure the diesel generator set operates efficiently, safely, and with minimal wear. Always consult the manufacturer’s manual for model-specific details or additional requirements.